% 8 december 2003 % hindiwhsimpl.pl % this file explores long-distance movement constructions in Hindi % for now just with simple first-order type assignments for the wh-phrases % % Lexicon is based on data from Dayal (1994, 2000) and Mahajan (2000) % % % First idea: % The scope marker `kyaa' can either be an expletive (Mahajan) or a quantified element (Dayal). % 1. It binds and is canceled out by the embedded wh-phrase % 2. It binds the embedded wh-phrases and scope marks it. % 3. It's a kind of sentence-, vp- or np-modifier, and binds the embedded clause: % (s/s)/(s/s) or vp/((s/s)\vp) % % % Basic word order: SOV % Difficulities: % - the embedded wh-phrases do not move, but can get wide scope % - long-distance movement is still possible, but without scope marker % % ============================================================ % File header (DON'T TOUCH) % ============================================================ % !labels v1.0 :- abolish(lazy_unpack/1). :- abolish(lazy_dr/1). :- abolish(lazy_dl/1). :- abolish(transparent_dia/1). :- abolish(transparent/1). :- abolish(continuous_dia/1). :- abolish(continuous/1). :- abolish(external_dia/1). :- abolish(external/1). :- abolish(postulate/3). :- abolish(postulate1/3). :- abolish(macro/2). :- abolish(lex/3). :- abolish(example/2). :- dynamic lazy_unpack/1,lazy_dr/1,lazy_dl/1. :- dynamic transparent_dia/1,transparent/1. :- dynamic continuous_dia/1,continuous/1. :- dynamic external_dia/1,external/1. :- dynamic postulate/3,postulate1/3. :- dynamic macro/2,lex/3,example/2. % = non-internal modes (DON'T REMOVE) % Instead of the underscore catchall, you can explicitly declare % (binary/unary) modes you allow to appear in the surface configuration. external(_). external(se). external(nw). external_dia(wh). external_dia(s). %external_dia(v2). %external_dia(v). % = setting semantics output format. % uncomment the line below for stepwise meaning composition. % semyes. % ============================================================ % Postulates: postulate(Input,Output,Label) % ============================================================ % % Feature distribution of wh %postulate(p(se,zip(wh,A),B),zip(wh,p(se,A,B)),'Fwh'). %postulate(zip(wh,p(se,A,B)), p(se,zip(wh,A),B),'Fwh1'). % wh-movement postulates %postulate(p(1,A,p(1,B,zip(wh,C))),p(1,p(1,A,B),zip(wh,C)),'Whr1'). %postulate(p(1,p(1,A,zip(wh,C)),B),p(1,p(1,A,B),zip(wh,C)),'Whr2'). postulate(p(1,p(1,zip(wh,A),B),C),p(1,zip(wh,A),p(1,B,C)),'Whl1'). postulate(p(1,B,p(1,zip(wh,A),C)),p(1,zip(wh,A),p(1,B,C)),'Whl2'). %postulate(p(1,B,p(2,zip(wh,A),C)),p(1,zip(wh,A),p(2,B,C)),'Whl2'). %postulate(p(2,B,p(1,zip(wh,A),C)),p(2,zip(wh,A),p(1,B,C)),'Whl2'). % Hindi: SOV language %postulate(p(1,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(1,zip(v,B),p(1,A,C)), 'Plv2'). %%postulate(p(2,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(2,zip(v,B),p(1,A,C)), 'Plv2'). %postulate(p(2,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(1,p(2,A,zip(v,B)),C), 'VAss'). %postulate(p(1,zip(v2,A),B),zip(v2,p(1,A,B)), 'K1v2'). %postulate(p(2,A,zip(v,B)),zip(v2,p(2,A,B)), 'K2v2'). %postulate(p(1,zip(cl,A),p(1,zip(cl,B),C)),p(1,zip(cl,p(1,A,B)),C), 'K3cl'). % relative clauses: head-final %postulate(p(1,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(1,A,p(1,C,zip(v,B))), 'Prv2'). %postulate(p(2,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(2,A,p(1,C,zip(v,B))), 'Prv2'). %postulate(p(2,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(1,p(2,A,zip(v,B)),C), 'VAss'). %postulate(p(2,A,zip(vfin,B)),zip(vfin,p(2,A,B)), 'K1v2'). %postulate(p(1,A,zip(v,B)),zip(vfin,p(1,A,B)), 'K2vfin'). % general associativity postulates %postulate(p(a,p(a,A,zip(p,C)),B), p(a,p(a,A,B),zip(p,C)), 'P1'). %postulate(p(a,A,p(a,B,zip(p,C))), p(a,p(a,A,B),zip(p,C)), 'P2'). % %% subject extraction and non-wrapping postulates postulate(p(nw,B,p(1,A,C)), p(1,A,p(nw,B,C)), 'Pnw'). postulate(p(nw,A,p(1,B,C)), p(1,p(nw,A,B),C), 'Pnw1'). postulate(p(1,A,p(se,B,C)), p(se,B,p(1,A,C)), 'Pse'). postulate(p(1,p(se,A,B),C), p(se,A,p(1,B,C)), 'Pse1'). %postulate(p(nw,B,p(2,A,C)), p(2,A,p(nw,B,C)), 'Pnw'). %postulate(p(nw,A,p(2,B,C)), p(2,p(nw,A,B),C), 'Pnw1'). %postulate(p(2,A,p(se,B,C)), p(se,B,p(2,A,C)), 'Pse'). %postulate(p(2,p(se,A,B),C), p(se,A,p(2,B,C)), 'Pse1'). % ============================================================ % Macros: macro(Abbreviation,Formula) % ============================================================ macro(iv,dl(1,nom,s2)). % intransitive verb macro(tv,dl(1,acc,iv)). % transitive verb macro(tvp,dl(1,acc,s)). % infinitive transitive verb macro(aux,dr(1,iv,vp)). macro(prep,dr(1,pp,np)). % preposition macro(refl,dl(1,tv,iv)). % reflexive pronoun (himself/herself) macro(relpro,dr(1,rel,relbody) ). % relative pronoun macro(relbody,dr(1,s,dia(1,box(1,np))) ). % extraction macro(rel,dl(1,np,np) ). %relative clause macro(smod, dr(1,dr(1,s,s),dr(1,s,s)) ). macro(wh(A), dia(wh,box(wh,A) )). %macro(wh(A), box(wh,A) ). macro(wh2(A), box(wh2,A) ). macro(cl(A), box(cl,A) ). macro(cl2(A), box(cl2,A) ). macro(case, box(case,np) ). macro(nom, box(nom,np) ). macro(acc, box(acc,np) ). macro(dat, box(dat,np) ). macro(whemb3, box(f,dia(f,s))). macro(q(A,B,C),p(nw,dr(nw,C,dl(se,A,B)),dl(se,A,A))). %macro(q(A,B,C),dr(1,C,dl(1,A,B))). %macro(q(A,_,_), A). macro(up(A,B,C), dl(1,dia(A,box(A,C)),B)). macro(ua(A,B),dr(a,A,dia(p,box(p,B)))). macro(clitic(A,B,C), dr(1,C,up(A,C,B))). macro(wh(A,B,C), dr(1,C,dl(1,wh(A),B)) ). %macro(wh(A,_,_), wh(A) ). macro(s1, dia(f,box(f,s)) ). macro(s2, s). macro(s3, box(f,dia(f,s)) ). macro(s4, box(f,dia(f,dia(f,box(f,s)))) ). % ============================================================ % Lexicon: lex(Word,Formula,Semantics) % ============================================================ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % nouns and names lex(jaun,nom,john). lex(anu,nom,anu). lex(siitaane,nom, sita). lex(tum,nom,you). lex(raviine,nom,ravi). lex(merii,acc,mary). lex(ravi,acc,ravi). lex(kitaab,acc,book). lex(larkaa,acc,boy). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % determiners %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % wh-words lex(kaun, dr(1,wh(nom,s,s),n), which). lex(kaunsii, dr(1,wh(acc,s,s),n), which). lex(kisse, dr(1,wh(acc,s,s),n), which). lex(kyaa, q(wh(acc),s,s), pair(lambda(Y,quant(wh,Z,appl(Y,Z))),lambda(X,X))). lex(kisko, q(wh(acc),s,s), pair(lambda(Y,quant(wh,Z,appl(Y,Z))),lambda(X,X))). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % prepositions %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % relative complementizer-words lex(ki, dr(1,s,s), lambda(Q,Q)). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % scope marker % 1. %lex(kyaa, acc, what). %lex(kyaa2,dr(1,s,s),lambda(P,P)). lex(kyaa, dr(1,dr(1,iv,s),dr(1,iv,s)),% lambda(P,lambda(T,lambda(X,appl(appl(P,T),X))))). %lex(was, wh(dr(1,s,s)), whp). % 2. %lex(kyaa, q(np,s,s), what). % 3. %lex(kyaa, smod, what). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % auxiliaries lex(karegii,box(v,aux), will). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % (in)transitive verbs lex(yaayegaa,vp,will-go). lex(khariidii,tv,buy). lex(dekhaa,tv,see). lex(dekhaa,tvp,see). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % bridging verbs % selects for a wh-complement clause % use the s3 variant in multiple wh-cases % to know lex(jaantaa,dr(1,iv,s),know(inf)). lex(jaantiihai,dr(1,iv,s),know(pre)). lex(jaantiihai,dl(1,s,iv),know(pre)). lex(jaantii,box(v,dr(1,iv,s)),know(pst)). % to think lex(soctaa, dr(1,iv,s),think(pre)). lex(soctaai, dr(1,iv,s),think(fem)). lex(soctaahai,dl(1,s,iv),think(pre)). % to do lex(karnaa, dl(1,acc,s), do(inf)). lex(karnaahai, dl(1,acc,s), do(pre)). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % preference and factive verbs, % ask: does not select for a wh-complement clause lex(puuchtaahai, dr(1,iv,s), asks(pre)). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % shortend version for embedded questions and wh-elements lex(whemb, box(f,dia(f,s)), prop). %lex(whemb, s, prop). lex(whelem, box(wh,nom), what). % ============================================================ % Test examples: Example ===> GoalType. % ============================================================ %% basic word-order: SOV example(" Jaun kitaab khariidii",s). % John book bought example(" Anu larkaa dekhaa jaantiihai",s). % Anu boy see know-PRES %% Simple wh-phrases example(" jaun kyaa khariidii",s). % John what bought example(" kyaa jaun khariidii",s). % what John bought example(" Anu kyaa karnaa jaantiihai",s). % anu [what do-INF] know PRES % "What does Anu know to do?" % NOT "anu knows what to do?' % Long-distance wh-scrambling should be possible example(" Kisko Siitaane soctaa ki raviine dekhaa", s). example(" Siitaane kisko soctaa ki raviine dekhaa", s). example(" Anu jaantiihai ki kyaa karnaahai", s). % Anu know PRES that what do INF % "Anu knows what is to be done." % NOT "what is such that Anu knows that it has to be done" %%% Mahajan (2000) % there should be agreement between the subject and the verb example("*Siitaane kyaa soctaa ki kisko raviine dekhaa", s). example("*Raviine kyaa soctaa ki kisko raviine dekhaa", s). %with an adverb: example("*Raviine kyaa abhii abhii soctaa ki kisko raviine dekhaa", s). % now now % long-distance movement + scope marker example("*Kisko Raviiine kyaa soctaa ki raviine dekhaa", s). % when the wh-phrase stays in-situ it needs the scope-marker kyaa example("* Raviine soctaa ki kisko raviine dekhaa", s).