% 25 november 2003 % hindiwh2.pl % this file explores the partial and long-distance movement constructions in Hindi % % Lexicon is based on data from Dayal (1994, 2000) and Mahajan (2000) % % % First idea: % The scope marker `kyaa' can either be an expletive (Mahajan) or a quantified element (Dayal). % 1. It binds and is canceled out by the embedded wh-phrase % 2. It binds the embedded wh-phrases and scope marks it. % 3. It's a kind of sentence-, vp- or np-modifier, and binds the embedded clause: % (s/s)/(s/s) or vp/((s/s)\vp) % % % Basic word order: SOV % Difficulities: % - the embedded wh-phrases do not move, but can get wide scope % - long-distance movement is still possible, but without scope marker % % ============================================================ % File header (DON'T TOUCH) % ============================================================ % !labels v1.0 :- abolish(lazy_unpack/1). :- abolish(lazy_dr/1). :- abolish(lazy_dl/1). :- abolish(transparent_dia/1). :- abolish(transparent/1). :- abolish(continuous_dia/1). :- abolish(continuous/1). :- abolish(external_dia/1). :- abolish(external/1). :- abolish(postulate/3). :- abolish(postulate1/3). :- abolish(macro/2). :- abolish(lex/3). :- abolish(example/2). :- dynamic lazy_unpack/1,lazy_dr/1,lazy_dl/1. :- dynamic transparent_dia/1,transparent/1. :- dynamic continuous_dia/1,continuous/1. :- dynamic external_dia/1,external/1. :- dynamic postulate/3,postulate1/3. :- dynamic macro/2,lex/3,example/2. % = non-internal modes (DON'T REMOVE) % Instead of the underscore catchall, you can explicitly declare % (binary/unary) modes you allow to appear in the surface configuration. external(_). external(se). external(nw). external_dia(wh). external_dia(s). %external_dia(v2). %external_dia(v). % = setting semantics output format. % uncomment the line below for stepwise meaning composition. % semyes. % ============================================================ % Postulates: postulate(Input,Output,Label) % ============================================================ % % Feature distribution of wh %postulate(p(se,zip(wh,A),B),zip(wh,p(se,A,B)),'Fwh'). %postulate(zip(wh,p(se,A,B)), p(se,zip(wh,A),B),'Fwh1'). % wh-movement postulates %postulate(p(1,A,p(1,B,zip(wh,C))),p(1,p(1,A,B),zip(wh,C)),'Whr1'). %postulate(p(1,p(1,A,zip(wh,C)),B),p(1,p(1,A,B),zip(wh,C)),'Whr2'). postulate(p(1,p(1,zip(wh,A),B),C),p(1,zip(wh,A),p(1,B,C)),'Whl1'). postulate(p(1,B,p(1,zip(wh,A),C)),p(1,zip(wh,A),p(1,B,C)),'Whl2'). %postulate(p(1,B,p(2,zip(wh,A),C)),p(1,zip(wh,A),p(2,B,C)),'Whl2'). %postulate(p(2,B,p(1,zip(wh,A),C)),p(2,zip(wh,A),p(1,B,C)),'Whl2'). % To derive `mit wem'..., one needs an extra distribution postulate %postulate(p(1,A,zip(wh,B)),zip(wh,p(1,A,B)),'Kwh2'). %postulate(p(1,B,p(1,C,zip(wh,A))),p(1,zip(wh,A),p(1,B,C)),'Whl3'). % Hindi: SOV language postulate(p(1,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(1,zip(v,B),p(1,A,C)), 'Plv2'). %%postulate(p(2,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(2,zip(v,B),p(1,A,C)), 'Plv2'). %postulate(p(2,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(1,p(2,A,zip(v,B)),C), 'VAss'). %postulate(p(1,zip(v2,A),B),zip(v2,p(1,A,B)), 'K1v2'). %postulate(p(2,A,zip(v,B)),zip(v2,p(2,A,B)), 'K2v2'). %postulate(p(1,zip(cl,A),p(1,zip(cl,B),C)),p(1,zip(cl,p(1,A,B)),C), 'K3cl'). % relative clauses: head-final postulate(p(1,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(1,A,p(1,C,zip(v,B))), 'Prv2'). postulate(p(2,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(2,A,p(1,C,zip(v,B))), 'Prv2'). postulate(p(2,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(1,p(2,A,zip(v,B)),C), 'VAss'). postulate(p(2,A,zip(vfin,B)),zip(vfin,p(2,A,B)), 'K1v2'). postulate(p(1,A,zip(v,B)),zip(vfin,p(1,A,B)), 'K2vfin'). % general associativity postulates %postulate(p(a,p(a,A,zip(p,C)),B), p(a,p(a,A,B),zip(p,C)), 'P1'). %postulate(p(a,A,p(a,B,zip(p,C))), p(a,p(a,A,B),zip(p,C)), 'P2'). % subject extraction and non-wrapping postulates postulate(p(nw,B,p(1,A,C)), p(1,A,p(nw,B,C)), 'Pnw'). postulate(p(nw,A,p(1,B,C)), p(1,p(nw,A,B),C), 'Pnw1'). postulate(p(1,A,p(se,B,C)), p(se,B,p(1,A,C)), 'Pse'). postulate(p(1,p(se,A,B),C), p(se,A,p(1,B,C)), 'Pse1'). postulate(p(nw,B,p(2,A,C)), p(2,A,p(nw,B,C)), 'Pnw'). postulate(p(nw,A,p(2,B,C)), p(2,p(nw,A,B),C), 'Pnw1'). postulate(p(2,A,p(se,B,C)), p(se,B,p(2,A,C)), 'Pse'). postulate(p(2,p(se,A,B),C), p(se,A,p(2,B,C)), 'Pse1'). % ============================================================ % Macros: macro(Abbreviation,Formula) % ============================================================ macro(iv,dl(1,nom,s2)). % intransitive verb macro(tv,dl(1,acc,iv)). % transitive verb macro(tvp,dl(1,acc,s3)). % infinitive transitive verb macro(aux,dr(1,iv,vp)). macro(prep,dr(1,pp,np)). % preposition macro(refl,dl(1,tv,iv)). % reflexive pronoun (himself/herself) macro(relpro,dr(1,rel,relbody) ). % relative pronoun macro(relbody,dr(1,s,dia(1,box(1,np))) ). % extraction macro(rel,dl(1,np,np) ). %relative clause macro(smod, dr(1,dr(1,s,s),dr(1,s,s)) ). macro(wh(A), dia(wh,box(wh,A) )). macro(wh2(A), box(wh2,A) ). macro(cl(A), box(cl,A) ). macro(cl2(A), box(cl2,A) ). macro(case, box(case,np) ). macro(nom, box(nom,np) ). macro(acc, box(acc,np) ). macro(dat, box(dat,np) ). macro(whemb3, box(f,dia(f,s))). macro(q(A,B,C),p(nw,dr(nw,C,dl(se,A,B)),dl(se,A,A))). %macro(q(A,B,C),dr(1,C,dl(1,A,B))). macro(up(A,B,C), dl(1,dia(A,box(A,C)),B)). macro(ua(A,B),dr(a,A,dia(p,box(p,B)))). macro(clitic(A,B,C), dr(1,C,up(A,C,B))). macro(wh(A,B,C), dr(1,C,dl(1,wh(A),B)) ). %macro(wh(A,_,_), wh(A) ). macro(s1, dia(f,box(f,s)) ). macro(s2, s). macro(s3, box(f,dia(f,s)) ). macro(s4, box(f,dia(f,dia(f,box(f,s)))) ). % ============================================================ % Lexicon: lex(Word,Formula,Semantics) % ============================================================ %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % nouns and names lex(jaun,nom,john). lex(anu,nom,anu). lex(siitaane,nom, sita). lex(tum,nom,you). lex(raviine,nom,ravi). lex(merii,nom,mary). lex(ravi,acc,ravi). lex(kitaab,acc,book). lex(larkaa,acc,boy). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % determiners %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % wh-words lex(kaun, q(wh(nom),s3,s3), pair(lambda(Y,quant(wh,Z,appl(Y,Z))),lambda(X,X))). lex(kaunsii, dr(1,wh(acc,s,s),n), which). lex(kisse, q(wh(acc),s,s3), pair(lambda(Y,quant(wh,Z,appl(Y,Z))),lambda(X,X))). lex(kyaa, q(wh(acc),s,s3), pair(lambda(Y,quant(wh,Z,appl(Y,Z))),lambda(X,X))). lex(kisko, q(wh(acc),s,s3), pair(lambda(Y,quant(wh,Z,appl(Y,Z))),lambda(X,X))). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % prepositions %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % relative complementizer-words lex(ki, dr(2,s,s), lambda(Q,Q)). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % scope marker % 1. %lex(kyaa, acc, what). %lex(kyaa2,dr(1,s,s),lambda(P,P)). lex(kyaa, dr(1,dr(1,iv,s3),dr(1,iv,s)),% lambda(P,lambda(T,lambda(X,appl(appl(P,T),X))))). %lex(was, wh(dr(1,s,s)), whp). % 2. %lex(kyaa, q(np,s,s), what). % 3. %lex(kyaa, smod, what). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % auxiliaries lex(karegii,box(v,aux), will). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % (in)transitive verbs lex(yaayegaa,vp,will-go). lex(khariidii,tv,buy). lex(dekhaa,tv,see). lex(dekhaa,tvp,see). lex(baat,dl(1,acc,vp),talk). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % bridging verbs % selects for a wh-complement clause % use the s3 variant in multiple wh-cases % to know lex(jaantaa,dr(1,iv,s3),know(inf)). lex(jaantiihai,dr(1,iv,s3),know(pre)). lex(jaantiihai,dl(1,s3,iv),know(pre)). lex(jaantii,box(v,dr(1,iv,s3)),know(pst)). % to think lex(soctaa, dr(1,iv,s3),think(pre)). lex(soctaai, dr(1,iv,s3),think(fem)). lex(soctaahai,dl(1,s3,iv),think(pre)). lex(soctaahai,dr(1,iv,s3),think(pre)). % to do lex(karnaa, dl(1,acc,s3), do(inf)). lex(karnaahai, dl(1,acc,s), do(pre)). lex(karegii, dl(1,vp,iv), do(fin)). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % preference and factive verbs, % ask: does not select for a wh-complement clause lex(puuchtaahai, dr(1,iv,s), asks(pre)). %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % shortend version for embedded questions and wh-elements lex(whemb, box(f,dia(f,s)), prop). %lex(whemb, s, prop). lex(whelem, box(wh,nom), what). % ============================================================ % Test examples: Example ===> GoalType. % ============================================================ %% basic word-order: SOV example(" jaun kitaab khariidii",s). % John book bought example(" Anu larkaa dekhaa jaantiihai",s). %% Simple wh-phrases example(" jaun kyaa khariidii",s3). % John what bought example(" kyaa jaun khariidii",s3). % what John bought example(" Anu kyaa karnaa jaantiihai",s3). % anu [what do-INF] know PRES % "What does Anu know to do?" % NOT "anu knows what to do?' example(" Anu jaantiihai ki kyaa karnaahai", s). % Anu know PRES that what do INF % "Anu knows what is to be done." % NOT "what is such that Anu knows that it has to be done" %%% adapted from examples in Mahajan (2000) example(" Raviine kyaa soctaa ki Anu kisko dekhaa", s). example(" Raviine kyaa soctaa whemb", s). example(" ki Anu kisko dekhaa", s3). example(" ki kisko Anu dekhaa", s3). example("*kisko ki Anu dekhaa", s). % agreement between Sita en the verb % should be underivable.. example("*Siitaane kyaa soctaa ki kisko raviine dekhaa", s). example("*Siitaane kyaa soctaa ki whemb", s). example(" Kisko Raviine dekhaa", s). % but long-distance wh-scrambling should be possible example(" kisko Siitaane soctaa ki raviine dekhaa", box(f,dia(f,s))). example(" Siitaane kisko soctaa ki raviine dekhaa", box(f,dia(f,s))). % but with the scope marker omitted example("*kisko Siitaane kyaa soctaa ki raviine dekhaa", box(f,dia(f,s))). % when the wh-phrase stays in-situ it needs the scope-marker kyaa example("* Siitaane soctaa ki kisko raviine dekhaa", s). %%% Dayal (1994,1996,2000) example("??Jaun kyaa soctaahai ki merii kisse baat karegii", s). example(" Jaun kyaa soctaahai whemb", s). example(" ki merii kisse baat karegii", s3). example(" ki kisse merii baat karegii", s3). % multiple wh-question example("Jaun kyaa soctaahai kaun kisse baat karegii", s). % J. what thinks who whom talks do-fin % embedded yes-no question example(" tum kyaa socteho ki merine haansse baat kiyaa yaa nahiiN?",s). % "Do you think Mary talked to Hans or not?