% 25 november 2003
% hindiwh.pl 
% this file explores the partial and long-distance movement constructions in Hindi
%
% Lexicon is based on data from Dayal (1994, 2000) and Mahajan (2000)
%  
%
% First idea:
% The scope marker `kyaa' can either be an expletive (Mahajan) or a quantified element (Dayal).
% 1. It binds and is canceled out by the embedded wh-phrase
% 2. It binds the embedded wh-phrases and scope marks it.
% 3. It's a kind of sentence-, vp- or np-modifier, and binds the embedded clause:
%        (s/s)/(s/s) or vp/((s/s)\vp)
%
%
% Basic word order: SOV 
% Difficulities: 
% - the embedded wh-phrases do not move, but can get wide scope
% - long-distance movement is still possible, but without scope marker
%
% ============================================================
% File header (DON'T TOUCH)
% ============================================================
% !labels v1.0

:- abolish(lazy_unpack/1).
:- abolish(lazy_dr/1).
:- abolish(lazy_dl/1).
:- abolish(transparent_dia/1).
:- abolish(transparent/1).
:- abolish(continuous_dia/1).
:- abolish(continuous/1).
:- abolish(external_dia/1).
:- abolish(external/1).
:- abolish(postulate/3).
:- abolish(postulate1/3).
:- abolish(macro/2).
:- abolish(lex/3).
:- abolish(example/2).

:- dynamic lazy_unpack/1,lazy_dr/1,lazy_dl/1.
:- dynamic transparent_dia/1,transparent/1.
:- dynamic continuous_dia/1,continuous/1.
:- dynamic external_dia/1,external/1.
:- dynamic postulate/3,postulate1/3.
:- dynamic macro/2,lex/3,example/2.

% = non-internal modes (DON'T REMOVE)
% Instead of the underscore catchall, you can explicitly declare
% (binary/unary) modes you allow to appear in the surface configuration.

external(_).
external(se).
external(nw).
external_dia(wh).
%external_dia(v2).
external_dia(v).


% = setting semantics output format.
% uncomment the line below for stepwise meaning composition.
% semyes.

% ============================================================
% Postulates: postulate(Input,Output,Label)
% ============================================================
%

% Feature distribution of wh
%postulate(p(se,zip(wh,A),B),zip(wh,p(se,A,B)),'Fwh').
%postulate(zip(wh,p(se,A,B)), p(se,zip(wh,A),B),'Fwh1').

% wh-movement postulates
%postulate(p(1,A,p(1,B,zip(wh,C))),p(1,p(1,A,B),zip(wh,C)),'Whr1').
%postulate(p(1,p(1,A,zip(wh,C)),B),p(1,p(1,A,B),zip(wh,C)),'Whr2').
postulate(p(1,p(1,zip(wh,A),B),C),p(1,zip(wh,A),p(1,B,C)),'Whl1').
postulate(p(1,B,p(1,zip(wh,A),C)),p(1,zip(wh,A),p(1,B,C)),'Whl2').
postulate(p(1,B,p(2,zip(wh,A),C)),p(1,zip(wh,A),p(2,B,C)),'Whl2').
postulate(p(2,B,p(1,zip(wh,A),C)),p(2,zip(wh,A),p(1,B,C)),'Whl2').
% To derive `mit wem'..., one needs an extra distribution postulate
%postulate(p(1,A,zip(wh,B)),zip(wh,p(1,A,B)),'Kwh2').
%postulate(p(1,B,p(1,C,zip(wh,A))),p(1,zip(wh,A),p(1,B,C)),'Whl3').


% Hindi: SOV language
postulate(p(1,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(1,zip(v,B),p(1,A,C)), 'Plv2').
%postulate(p(2,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(2,zip(v,B),p(1,A,C)), 'Plv2').
postulate(p(2,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(1,p(2,A,zip(v,B)),C), 'VAss').
postulate(p(1,zip(v2,A),B),zip(v2,p(1,A,B)), 'K1v2').
postulate(p(2,A,zip(v,B)),zip(v2,p(2,A,B)), 'K2v2').
%postulate(p(1,zip(cl,A),p(1,zip(cl,B),C)),p(1,zip(cl,p(1,A,B)),C), 'K3cl').

% relative clauses: head-final
postulate(p(1,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(1,A,p(1,C,zip(v,B))), 'Prv2').
postulate(p(2,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(2,A,p(1,C,zip(v,B))), 'Prv2').
postulate(p(2,A,p(1,zip(v,B),C)),p(1,p(2,A,zip(v,B)),C), 'VAss').
postulate(p(2,A,zip(vfin,B)),zip(vfin,p(2,A,B)), 'K1v2').
postulate(p(1,A,zip(v,B)),zip(vfin,p(1,A,B)), 'K2vfin').


% general associativity postulates
%postulate(p(a,p(a,A,zip(p,C)),B), p(a,p(a,A,B),zip(p,C)), 'P1'). 
%postulate(p(a,A,p(a,B,zip(p,C))), p(a,p(a,A,B),zip(p,C)), 'P2'). 

% subject extraction and non-wrapping postulates
postulate(p(nw,B,p(1,A,C)), p(1,A,p(nw,B,C)), 'Pnw').
postulate(p(nw,A,p(1,B,C)), p(1,p(nw,A,B),C), 'Pnw1').
postulate(p(1,A,p(se,B,C)), p(se,B,p(1,A,C)), 'Pse').
postulate(p(1,p(se,A,B),C), p(se,A,p(1,B,C)), 'Pse1').


% ============================================================
% Macros: macro(Abbreviation,Formula)
% ============================================================

macro(iv,dl(1,nom,s)).	% intransitive verb
macro(tv,dl(1,acc,iv)).	% transitive verb
macro(aux,dr(1,iv,vp)).
macro(prep,dr(1,pp,np)).	% preposition
macro(refl,dl(1,tv,iv)).	% reflexive pronoun (himself/herself)
macro(relpro,dr(1,rel,relbody) ).	% relative pronoun
macro(relbody,dr(1,s,dia(1,box(1,np))) ).	% extraction
macro(rel,dl(1,np,np) ).	%relative clause
macro(smod, dr(1,dr(1,s,s),dr(1,s,s)) ).
macro(wh(A), dia(wh,box(wh,A) )).
macro(wh2(A), box(wh2,A) ).
macro(cl(A), box(cl,A) ).
macro(cl2(A), box(cl2,A) ).
macro(case, box(case,np) ).
macro(nom, box(nom,np) ).
macro(acc, box(acc,np) ).
macro(dat, box(dat,np) ).
macro(nomacc, box(nomacc,np) ).

macro(q(A,B,C),p(nw,dr(1,C,dl(1,A,B)),dl(se,A,A))).
macro(up(A,B,C), dl(1,dia(A,box(A,C)),B)).
macro(ua(A,B),dr(a,A,dia(p,box(p,B)))).
macro(clitic(A,B,C), dr(1,C,up(A,C,B))).
macro(wh(A,B,C), dr(1,C,dl(1,wh(A),B)) ).
%macro(wh(A,_,_), wh(A) ).


macro(s1, dia(f,box(f,s)) ).
macro(s2, s).
macro(s3, box(f,dia(f,s)) ).
macro(s4, box(f,dia(f,dia(f,box(f,s)))) ).

% ============================================================
% Lexicon: lex(Word,Formula,Semantics)
% ============================================================

% nouns and names
lex(jaun,nomacc,john).
lex(merii,nomacc,mary).
lex(tum,nom,you).

lex(anu,nomacc,anu).
lex(ravi,nomacc,ravi).

lex(kitaab,acc,book).
lex(laRkaa,n,boy).


% determiners


% wh-words
lex(kaun, dr(1,wh(nomacc,s,s),n), which).
lex(kaunsii, dr(1,wh(acc,s,s),n), which).
lex(kisse, dr(1,wh(acc,s,s),n), which).
lex(kyaa, q(acc,s,s), what).
%


%lex(welches, dr(1,wh(acc,s,s),n),lambda(Y,lambda(X, quant(exists,Z,appl(X, appl(Z,Y)))))).
%lex(welche, dr(1,wh(acc,s,s),n), lambda(Y,lambda(X, quant(exists,Z, appl(X, appl(Z,Y)))))).
%lex(wem, dl(1,dr(1,mit,dat),wh(mit,s2,s2)), lambda(Y,lambda(X, quant(exists,Z,appl(X, appl(Y,Z)))))).
%lex(wen, wh(dat,s2,s2), lambda(X, quant(exists,Z,appl(X, Z)))).

% prepositions
lex(mit, dr(1,mit,dat), with).

% relative complementizer-words
lex(ki, dr(1,s,s), that).

% scope marker
% 1.
%lex(kyaa, acc, what).
%lex(kyaa, wh(dr(1,s,s)), lambda(P,lambda(T,appl(P,T)))).
%lex(was, wh(dr(1,s,s)), whp).
% 2.
%lex(kyaa, q(np,s,s), what).
% 3.
%lex(kyaa, smod, what).


% auxiliaries
lex(karegii,box(v,aux), will).


% (in)transitive verbs
lex(yaayegaa,vp,will-go).
lex(khariidii,tv,buy).


% bridging verbs
% use the s3 variant in mutiple wh-cases

% to know
lex(jaantaa,dr(1,iv,s3),know(inf)).
%lex(jaantiihai,dr(1,iv,s3)),know(pre)).
lex(jaantiihai,dl(1,s,iv),know(pre)).
lex(jaantii,box(v,dr(1,iv,s3)),know(pst)).

% to think
lex(soctaa, box(v,dr(1,iv,s3)),think(inf)).
lex(soctaahai,box(v,dr(1,iv,s3)),think(pre)).

% to do
lex(karnaa, dl(1,acc,s), do(inf)).
lex(karnaahai, iv, do(pre)).



% preference and factive verbs
lex(moechte,box(v,dr(1,iv,s)),wants).
lex(aergerte, box(v,dr(1,iv,s)),getangry).



% shortend version for embedded questions and wh-elements
lex(whemb, box(f,dia(f,s)), prop).
lex(whemb2, box(vfin, s3), prop).
lex(whelem, box(wh,nom), what).


% ============================================================
% Test examples: Example ===> GoalType.
% ============================================================

%% simple wh-phrases
example(" jaun kitaab khariidii",s).
%         John book   bought

example(" Anu kyaa karnaa jaantiihai",s).
%         anu [what do-INF] know PRES
% "What does Anu know to do?"
% NOT "anu knows what to do?'

example(" Anu jaantiihai   ki kyaa karnaahai", s).
%         Anu know    PRES  that what do   INF
% "Anu knows what is to be done."
% NOT "what is such that Anu knows that it has to be done"